云南省甘蔗收获机械推广难点及策略分析

根据云南省推广甘蔗收获机械的实际情况,从农户层面探究推广中存在的主要问题,分析宣传推广效果不佳的具体原因,从多个角度提出增强推广应用效果的可行性建议,为促进甘蔗收获机械在云南地区的应用提供参考。     

油茶内生拮抗细菌的筛选、鉴定及防效

为筛选出对油茶炭疽菌有拮抗效果的生防菌株，以油茶健康叶为对象，平板对峙法筛选，利用形态和生理生化特征以及16S rDNA基因和gyrA基因序列对菌株进行鉴定，测定其抑菌活性，并将该菌株与枯草芽胞杆菌Y13复配进行林间防效试验。结果表明，对油茶炭疽病菌拮抗作用效果较强的内生菌株为HBMC—B05；菌落为乳白色，不透明，边缘不整齐，中间有凸起；分子鉴定结果显示菌株HBMC—B05为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis，其对果生炭疽菌Collectotrichum fructicola，抑菌率可达到81.31%，对另外3种油茶炭疽病病原菌抑菌率可达到70%以上，对其他4种致病菌也有抑制作用；复合菌剂对油茶病害的田间防治效果达到59%以上。该菌株的抑菌具有广谱性，可为油茶病害的生物防治扩充菌种资源，具有广泛的应用前景。     

西南弱光地区机插杂交籼稻“减穴稳苗”栽培的群体冠层质量特征

【目的】探明机插条件下减穴稳苗配置对杂交籼稻群体冠层质量的影响,为西南弱光稻区杂交籼稻机插栽培技术的推广应用提供理论支撑。【方法】2016—2017年采用两因素随机区组田间试验,因素1,2年均为不同田间配置,设常规配置（30 cm×12 cm）和减穴稳苗（30 cm×23 cm）;因素2,2016年为不同株型水稻品种（F优498,中后期株叶型松散;宜香优2115,中后期株叶型上紧下披）,2017年为不同基本苗（42×10⁴/hm²和63×10⁴/hm²）;研究了不同田间配置对机插杂交籼稻群体冠层结构、光合特性和微环境（冠层温度、湿度和透光率）的影响。【结果】（1）减穴稳苗齐穗期能维持与常规配置相当的单茎绿叶面积、粒叶比和上三叶比叶重,其中2017年倒二叶与倒三叶比叶重显著增大;齐穗期剑叶光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率分别较常规配置显著提高23.84%、23.53%和13.79%。（2）较常规配置,减穴稳苗显著增大各时期冠层幅度,提高冠层透光率,降低收敛指数,群体通透性更好;减穴稳苗处理提高了2016年F优498孕穗期和齐穗期的一次分蘖角度,而宜香优2115的一次分蘖角度2年均表现为减穴稳苗小于常规配置。（3）相关分析表明,孕穗期冠层日均温、昼夜温差和昼夜湿差与齐穗期剑叶和倒二叶比叶重呈显著或极显著正相关,与齐穗期收敛指数呈显著负相关;此外,孕穗期冠层日均温和昼夜湿差还与齐穗期冠层幅度呈显著正相关;齐穗期冠层日均温和昼夜温差与分蘖盛期、拔节期及齐穗后20 d的一次分蘖角度呈显著或极显著负相关,日均相对湿度则相反。减穴稳苗有效地改善了植株冠层结构,从而显著提高孕穗期和齐穗期的冠层温度和昼夜温差,提高孕穗期、齐穗期和齐穗后20 d的昼夜湿差,并显著降低日均相对湿度。【结论】减穴稳苗田间配置优化了机插杂交稻的群体冠层结构和光分布,增大了群体内部昼夜温差和湿差,降低了相对湿度,提高了群体质量和光合速率,为高产稳产奠定了基础,是西南弱光稻区进一步推进机插秧发展的重要技术途径。     

Cotton Image Segmentation Algorithm Based on Fusion Method of Markov Random Field and Quantum Particle Swarm Cluster

[Objective] The aim of this study was to improve the cotton image segmentation accuracy in a picking robot image processing system. [Method] An image segmentation algorithm based on a fusion method of Markov random field and quantum particle swarm optimization clustering was proposed. The process of the proposed algorithm is as follows: first, transform the RGB (red, green, blue) images into grayscale; second, use it to segment these images; finally, the threshold of the connected area is set on the basis of the segmented image to obtain the target area. Then, the cotton front image and the cotton side image are selected from the images collected from different angles. The segmentation experiment was carried out by using this algorithm, and compared with the Otsu algorithm, the fuzzy C-means algorithm, the quantum particle swarm image segmentation algorithm and the Markov random field image segmentation algorithm. [Result] The results showed that the segmentation accuracy and peak signal to noise ratio of the proposed algorithm were 98.94% and 77.48 dB. When compared with the Otsu algorithm, fuzzy C-means algorithm, quantum particle swarm optimization algorithm and Markov random field algorithm, the average segmentation accuracy and peak signal to noise ratio of the proposed algorithm increased by 2.47%–4.56%, and 9.81–13.11 dB, respectively. [Conclusion] The proposed algorithm had higher segmentation accuracy and higher peak signal to noise ratio than the other algorithms tested.     

Molecular detection of sugarcane striate virus and sugarcane white streak virus and their prevalence in the Miami World Collection of sugarcane and related grasses

Viruses in the genus Mastrevirus (family Geminiviridae), including those infecting sugarcane, have natural geographical ranges almost exclusively restricted to Africa and the Indian Ocean islands off the African coast. Only sugarcane white streak virus (SWSV) in Barbados and sugarcane striate virus (SStrV) in Florida and Guadeloupe are known to infect a few sugarcane varieties in the Western Hemisphere. In this study, PCR assays were developed to detect these two viruses in sugarcane. Five hundred and seventy-one DNA samples from Saccharum species and interspecific hybrids from the Miami World Collection of sugarcane and related grasses were tested for the presence of SStrV and SWSV by PCR. No variety was found infected by SWSV but SStrV was detected in 19 varieties. PCR data were confirmed by sequencing amplified fragments (248 bp). These fragments shared 93%–100% nucleotide identity with SStrV sequences from the GenBank database. SStrV isolates were distributed in six phylogenetic groups, including the four strains of the virus. Most varieties infected by SStrV originated from Asia, thus confirming a previous hypothesis stating that this virus originated from this continent. Absence of SStrV in commercial sugarcane in Florida also suggested that this virus has not been spread in this location, while infected plants have been present for several decades.     

快速灵敏的甘蔗线条花叶病毒免疫学检测体系的建立

 甘蔗花叶病广泛存在于我国甘蔗种植区,严重影响甘蔗产业的高质量发展。近年来甘蔗线条花叶病毒在蔗区肆虐,尽管针对其的血清学检测技术已经建立,但是快速、准确、高通量的检测方法亟待发掘。本研究制备了^SCSMVCP的抗血清,特异性高,与引起甘蔗花叶病的另两种病原 (高粱花叶病毒和甘蔗花叶病毒) 间没有血清学交叉反应。基于该多克隆抗体,建立了直接抗原包被的ELISA、斑点杂交、Western blot和基于多抗的免疫试纸条检测技术。开发的免疫试纸条检测技术能快速、准确、高通量应用于田间病毒鉴定。本文提供了基于血清学的快速、准确、高通量,且便捷的甘蔗线条花叶病毒检测技术,有助于我国蔗区甘蔗花叶病的监测与防控。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果研究

本试验比较了不同浓度氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果。结果表明:试验药剂35%氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂在水中分散性良好,700倍用药量(有效成分量为41.2 g/hm^2)防治桃小食心虫的速效性和持效性均良好,14 d后防效达到最大值,为99.1%。试验证明,氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂可用来防治果树桃小食心虫。     

麦/油-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥管理对直播杂交稻氮素利用特征的影响

【目的】探明秸秆还田和氮肥管理对麦/油后直播杂交稻氮素积累、转运、氮肥利用效率及籽粒产量的影响。【方法】选用优质三系杂交稻宜香优2115,采用二因素裂区设计,麦、油茬田同步开展试验,处理完全一致。主区为麦/油秸秆全量翻埋还田(M₁)和秸秆不还田(对照,M₀),副区设4个氮肥管理,即不施氮对照(N₀)、m_基肥∶m_分蘖肥∶m_促花肥∶m_保花肥比例分别为1∶0∶0∶0(N₁)、3∶3∶2∶2(N₂)、2∶2∶3∶3(N₃),测定了直播杂交稻主要生育时期各器官的氮素积累量及籽粒产量。【结果】结果表明,两种轮作方式下,氮肥管理对直播杂交稻主要生育时期的氮素积累、齐穗后茎鞘、叶片的氮素转运及稻株氮素利用效率均存在显著或极显著的调控效应。秸秆还田显著提高麦/油茬杂交稻中后期的氮素积累量、茎鞘和叶片的氮素转运量以及氮肥利用效率,其中,氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥表观利用率较秸秆不还田分别提高了34.96%/28.76%、2.52%/2.61%和31.91%/22.30%。同时,油菜秸秆还田下直播杂交稻各生育时期氮素积累和产量较麦秆还田表现更好,籽粒产量提高481 kg/hm²(5.22%)。M₁N₂处理、M₀N₃处理下,直播杂交稻各阶段的氮素积累速率明显加大,促进结实期茎鞘和叶片的氮素向穗部转运,成熟期稻株氮素积累量优势明显且有较高的氮素利用效率(麦/油茬稻氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力和表观利用率分别达17.87 kg∙kg^-1/17.85 kg∙kg^-1、67.27 kg∙kg^-1/71.28 kg∙kg^-1、74.93%/75.05%),最终实现高产。【结论】在麦/油-稻轮作下秸秆全量还田,配合N₂氮肥管理,可有效提高直播杂交稻氮素吸收、利用效率,增加籽粒产量,尤以油菜秸杆还田的效果更好。     

泰州市稻田综合种养产业发展分析及建议

系统阐述了泰州市稻田综合种养产业的发展现状,包括分布区域、经营主体、种养模式等,统计了不同种养模式的应用面积、产量及收益,对稻田综合种养及常规稻麦种植两种模式下的经济效益进行了对比。结果表明,稻田综合种养模式能显著提高土地利用率,促进当地农业增效和农民增收。通过对稻田综合种养模式推广应用过程中的比较优势以及存在问题进行系统分析,提出了针对性的解决措施和建议。     

引进甘蔗种质资源杂交后代适应性评价

通过对引进甘蔗种质资源24个杂交后代的的10个农艺性状进行主成分分析、回归分析与通径分析,科学评价引种甘蔗种质资源在广西本地的农艺性状表现,探究各农艺性状间的协同制约关系,为甘蔗种质资源的精准评价和杂交育种材料的科学选配提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)主要农艺性状变异系数为6.79%~29.44%,24个甘蔗种质在分蘖和蔗糖产量上有较大的遗传改良潜力。(2)主成分分析将这10个农艺性状凝聚成4个主成分,分别为产量因子、有效茎因子、糖分因子和出苗因子,贡献率分别是35.2%、16.5%、15.3%、12.1%,累计贡献率达到79.1%;(3)通径分析中各性状对糖产量的直接通径系数大小依次为:蔗茎产量(0.927)>蔗糖分(0.399)>单茎重(0.039)。表明:甘蔗品种(系)GUC23-1、GUC15-2、GUC23、GUC34、GUC25在广西的丰产性最优,在甘蔗引种和选育中,考虑将蔗茎产量、蔗糖分、单茎重作为主要选择性状。